Occlusal splints—also known as bite guards, stabilization appliances, or night guards—have long been a cornerstone in the treatment of occlusal disorders, temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD), and sleep bruxism.
These custom-made removable devices are fabricated to cover the occlusal surfaces of teeth and are widely used in restorative, prosthetic, and sleep dentistry.
However, their application extends far beyond the classic concept of “a simple bite guard.”
In recent years, the role of occlusal splints has evolved dramatically thanks to technological advancements such as digital design (CAD/CAM), 3D printing, and new materials that improve both patient comfort and clinical outcomes.
At the same time, ongoing debates about their real effectiveness—especially in patients with bruxism and TMD—have led to a resurgence of systematic reviews and clinical trials.
This article provides a professional synthesis of current indications, types of occlusal splints, and the most relevant scientific findings from the last seven years, making it a valuable guide for dentists and specialists across multiple disciplines.
Main Clinical Indications
Occlusal splints are prescribed for a range of functional, protective, and therapeutic purposes:
✔ Sleep or awake bruxism (parafunctional habits)
✔ Muscle-related or joint-related TMDs (pain, clicking, deviation)
✔ Prevention of dental wear (attrition or erosive damage)
✔ Muscle relaxation in hyperactivity cases
✔ Occlusal stabilization before full-mouth rehabilitation
✔ Protection of implants and aesthetic restorations
✔ Management of occlusal trauma or bite changes
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Most Common Types of Occlusal Splints
1. Stabilization Splint (Michigan-type)
The most widely used for bruxism and TMD. It provides even occlusal contacts, reduces muscle hyperactivity, and helps reposition the jaw in a neuromuscularly stable position.
2. Anterior Bite Splint (NTI-tss)
Covers only anterior teeth to reduce clenching intensity. It requires careful clinical monitoring due to possible posterior extrusion and occlusal changes.
3. Mandibular Repositioning Splint
Aimed at altering the mandibular position temporarily in patients with disc displacement or malocclusion-related TMD.
4. Soft Occlusal Splints
Made from thermoplastic or silicone-based materials. Although they offer comfort and are easier to adapt, evidence suggests they are less durable and may even worsen parafunction in certain cases.
5. Protective and Post-Surgical Splints
Used to protect the dentition and soft tissues after surgery or during contact sports.
Conclusion
Occlusal splints remain indispensable in modern dental practice—not just as protective tools, but as therapeutic aids supported by current research.
Their design and prescription should always be based on a comprehensive functional diagnosis, taking into account patient-specific factors such as parafunction habits, occlusion, joint status, and prosthetic needs.
Dentists are encouraged to stay updated on material innovations, digital workflows, and evidence-based protocols to ensure optimal treatment outcomes.
📚 Scientific References
- The Saudi Dental Journal Volume 35, Issue 1, January 2023, Pages 70-79. Occlusal splints-types and effectiveness in temporomandibular disorder management.
- Dent Update 2018; 45: 912–918. Occlusal Splints for Bruxing and TMD – A Balanced Approach?
- Swetha MU et al. / Archives of Dental Research 2022;12(2):60–68. Guardians of the temporomandibular joint: The occlusal splints- an overview.
