The disease process is characterized by localized bone resorption in the apical region, driven by a complex interplay between microbial factors and host immune mechanisms.
While conventional nonsurgical endodontic therapy remains the cornerstone of clinical management, a notable proportion of cases still result in persistent lesions or treatment failure, indicating a pressing need for more effective and biologically targeted strategies.
Against this backdrop, Recent Advances in Apical Periodontitis Treatment: A Narrative Review synthesizes the latest evidence on emerging therapeutic approaches that extend beyond traditional root canal procedures.
This narrative review explores a spectrum of innovative modalities—including biological agents designed to modulate specific inflammatory pathways, antioxidant therapies aimed at mitigating oxidative tissue damage, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators that promote resolution of inflammation, and regenerative techniques such as stem cell-based therapies with the potential to support periapical tissue repair.
Some of these approaches are still under in-vivo investigation or in early translational research phases, reflecting both the rapid evolution of the field and the ongoing challenge of translating laboratory insights into clinical application.
The authors meticulously summarize current experimental findings, shed light on underlying molecular mechanisms, and highlight areas where further research is essential.
This narrative review is essential reading for clinicians, researchers, and advanced students seeking to understand the state-of-the-art and future directions in AP treatment, bridging the gap between foundational pathology and next-generation therapeutic innovations.
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