Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush, is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, a microorganism that normally lives in the mouth in balance with other bacteria.
When this balance is disrupted, Candida can multiply excessively and lead to visible lesions and uncomfortable symptoms.
How Does It Appear?
It usually presents as white or creamy plaques on the tongue, palate, inner cheeks, or gums.
These patches may be painful, bleed when scraped, or cause a burning sensation in the mouth.
Why Does It Appear in Children?
In infants and young children, oral candidiasis is fairly common due to their immature immune systems. It can be associated with:
✔ Poor sterilization of bottles or pacifiers
✔ Antibiotic use
✔ Vaginal transmission during birth if the mother has candidiasis
Although it is usually mild and self-limiting, it still requires medical treatment to relieve symptoms and prevent spreading.
What About Adults?
In adults, oral candidiasis may be a sign of an underlying issue, often associated with:
✔ Prolonged use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, especially inhalers for asthma
✔ Ill-fitting dentures or poor denture hygiene
✔ Poorly controlled diabetes
✔ Dry mouth (xerostomia)
✔ Weakened immune systems, such as in HIV/AIDS
✔ Cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiotherapy
✔ Nutritional deficiencies or stress
Even healthy individuals may develop candidiasis under specific stress or health conditions.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the cause but may include:
✔ Topical antifungal agents, such as nystatin or miconazole gels or rinses
✔ Systemic antifungals for severe or persistent cases
✔ Improved oral hygiene and management of underlying conditions
✔ Proper cleaning and fitting of dentures or oral appliances
It is crucial to consult a dentist or physician, as oral candidiasis may sometimes reflect a more serious systemic health issue.
Prevention Tips
✔ Practice good oral hygiene, including brushing and tongue cleaning
✔ Disinfect pacifiers, bottles, and dentures regularly
✔ Manage chronic conditions like diabetes
✔ Stay hydrated to prevent dry mouth
✔ Avoid unnecessary antibiotic use
Oral candidiasis is treatable, but it should not be ignored. If you notice persistent white patches or discomfort, visit your dentist for proper evaluation and care.
References
- Sampath A, Weerasekera M, Dilhari A, et al.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and oral Candida colonization: Analysis of risk factors in a Sri Lankan cohort.
Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2019;77(7):508–516.
- Jørgensen MR, Slots J.
Pathophysiological microenvironments in oral candidiasis.
APMIS. 2023;131(1):3–15.
- Martu MA, Sciuca AM.
Denture Candidiasis – Diagnostic and Treatment Possibilities for a Lingering Oral Health Issue.
Journal of Dental Research and Review. 2021;13(1):45–50.
