Among these, chromogenic bacterial staining is a distinct form of extrinsic dental discoloration caused by specific pigment-producing microbial species within the oral biofilm.
Unlike stains from dietary sources or tobacco, chromogenic staining may present in hues ranging from black and brown to green and orange, and it exhibits a characteristic pattern of confluent pigmentation along the cervical third of the teeth in both primary and permanent dentitions.
Despite its frequent clinical encounter, the etiology, microbiological profile, and optimal management approaches for chromogenic bacterial stains remain poorly defined in the dental literature.
This scoping review meticulously synthesizes evidence from studies spanning case reports, observational research, and clinical investigations to provide a broad understanding of (1) the prevalence and distribution of chromogenic stains across age groups and dentitions, (2) the clinical characteristics and aesthetic implications of these pigmentation patterns, and (3) the current landscape of therapeutic strategies — including routine prophylaxis, abrasive agents, and adjunctive therapies — as reported up to July 2024.
The findings reveal a notable scarcity of high-quality evidence, with reported prevalence rates varying widely (approximately 3.1% to 18.5%), and conventional management techniques often resulting in rapid stain recurrence due to the resilient nature of the underlying microbial biofilm.
Moreover, significant heterogeneity in study designs, clinical outcomes, and microbiological parameters underscores the urgent need for standardized research frameworks and targeted therapeutic protocols.
By consolidating current knowledge and highlighting critical gaps, this scoping review not only enhances clinician awareness of chromogenic bacterial staining but also lays the groundwork for future research aimed at improving diagnostic precision and patient-centered care in managing these aesthetically challenging conditions.
📄 Read the full article and download the complete PDF here: Chromogenic bacterial staining of teeth: a scoping review (Open Access) — Download PDF from Springer Nature.
