The premature loss of primary teeth can have long-term consequences for the dental and occlusal development of children.
Space maintainers are orthodontic appliances designed to prevent the closure of spaces created by the premature loss of teeth, thus ensuring the correct eruption of permanent teeth.
This article presents an updated review of the literature on space maintainers, exploring the latest advances in their design, materials, and clinical applications.
The premature loss of primary teeth is a common problem in pediatric dentistry.
This loss can lead to various dentofacial alterations, such as the displacement of adjacent teeth, the tipping of opposing teeth, and alterations in the eruption of permanent teeth.
Space maintainers have become an essential tool in the prevention and treatment of these complications.
Types of Space Maintainers
Space maintainers are primarily classified into two categories: fixed and removable.
Fixed retainers are cemented to the teeth adjacent to the space to be maintained and are usually made of stainless steel.
Removable retainers, on the other hand, can be made of acrylic or wire and are removed by the patient for cleaning.
Fixed retainers
► Band and loop: The most common type, consisting of a band cemented to a tooth and a loop that extends into the space to be maintained.
► Distal partial retainer: Used when a primary molar has been lost.
► Active lingual retainer: Uses a spring to exert a light force and maintain the space.
Removable retainers
► Acrylic plate with active wire: Adapts to the dental arch and has a wire that maintains the space.
► Hawley retainer: Similar to a removable orthodontic appliance, used to maintain larger spaces.
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Recent Advances in Research
In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and long-term impact of different types of space maintainers. Researchers have focused on:
► Novel Materials: The development of new biocompatible and aesthetic materials has allowed for the fabrication of more comfortable and durable space maintainers.
► Appliance Design: New designs of space maintainers have been proposed with the aim of improving retention and efficacy.
► 3D Printing: 3D printing technology has revolutionized the fabrication of space maintainers, enabling customization of each appliance.
► Long-term Studies: Long-term studies have been conducted to evaluate the long-term outcomes of treatment with space maintainers.
Clinical Considerations
The selection of the appropriate space maintainer will depend on various factors, such as the patient's age, the location of the space to be maintained, the amount of space lost, and the dentist's preference.
It is essential to make an accurate diagnosis and plan the treatment on an individualized basis.
Conclusions
Space maintainers are a valuable tool in pediatric dentistry to prevent the consequences of premature loss of primary teeth.
Advances in materials and technology have improved the efficacy and comfort of these devices.
Dentists should stay up-to-date on the latest research and recommendations to provide their patients with the best possible treatment.
Keywords: space maintainers, pediatric dentistry, premature tooth loss, crowding, malocclusion, pediatric orthodontics
Christian Poma
Ovidental GO
